Name:- Chauhan Ami Prakashbhai

Sub:- major-6 (English)

Proffecer:- insiya ma'am

Std:- s.y.b.a sem-3

College:- maharani shree nandkuvarba mahila arts and commerce College

Class assignment

Write the English idiom / proverb

1. Break the ice – વાતચીત શરૂ કરવી / સંકોચ દૂર કરવો

2. Add fuel to the fire – આગમાં ઘી રેડવું

3. Kick the bucket – મરી જવું / જીવ છોડી દેવું

4. The ball is in your court – હવે નિર્ણય તમારો છે

5. When pigs fly – ક્યારેય ન થનાર ઘટના

6. Once in a blue moon – બહુ જ ભાગ્યે જ / અતિ દુર્લભ

7. Let the cat out of the bag – રહસ્ય ફાશ કરી દેવું

8. A piece of cake – બહુ સરળ / સહેલાઈથી થતું કામ

9. Don’t cry over spilled milk – થયેલું નુકસાન પર પસ્તાવો ન કરવો

Give the literal translation in hindi /gujarati

1. Break the ice

Hindi: बर्फ तोड़ना

Gujarati: બરફ તોડવો

2. Add fuel to the fire

Hindi: आग में घी डालना

Gujarati: આગમાં ઘી ઉમેરવું

3. Kick the bucket

Hindi: बाल्टी को लात मारना

Gujarati: ડોલને લાત મારવી

4. The ball is in your court

Hindi: गेंद तुम्हारे मैदान में है

Gujarati: બોલ હવે તારાં મેદાનમાં છે

5. When pigs fly

Hindi: जब सूअर उड़ेंगे

Gujarati: જ્યારે ડુક્કર ઊડશે

6. Once in a blue moon

Hindi: नीले चाँद में एक बार

Gujarati: વાદળી ચાંદમાં એક વાર

7. Let the cat out of the bag

Hindi: थैले से बिल्ली को बाहर निकालना

Gujarati: થેલીમાંથી બિલાડી બહાર કાઢવી

8. A piece of cake

Hindi: केक का एक टुकड़ा

Gujarati: કેકનો એક ટુકડો

9. Don’t cry over spilled milk

Hindi: गिरे हुए दूध पर मत रोओ

Gujarati: વળી ગયેલા દૂધ પર રડશો નહીં

Give the equivalence idiom in Hindi & Gujrati

1. Break the ice

Literal translation in Hindi – बर्फ तोड़ना

Literal translation in Gujarati – બરફ તોડવો

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बातचीत शुरू करना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – વાતચીત શરૂ કરવી

2. Add fuel to the fire

Literal translation in Hindi – आग में घी डालना

Literal translation in Gujarati – આગમાં ઘી ઉમેરવું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – स्थिति को और खराब करना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – પરિસ્થિતિ વધુ ખરાબ કરવી

3. Kick the bucket

Literal translation in Hindi – बाल्टी को लात मारना

Literal translation in Gujarati – ડોલને લાત મારવી

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – मर जाना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – મરી જવું

4. The ball is in your court

Literal translation in Hindi – गेंद आपके कोर्ट में है

Literal translation in Gujarati – બોલ તમારા મેદાનમાં છે

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – अब आपकी बारी है

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – હવે તમારી વારો છે

5. When pigs fly

Literal translation in Hindi – जब सूअर उड़ेंगे

Literal translation in Gujarati – જ્યારે ડુકર ઉડશે

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – कभी नहीं

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – ક્યારેય નહિ

6. Once in a blue moon

Literal translation in Hindi – बहुत ही कम

Literal translation in Gujarati – ખૂબ જ ઓછું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बहुत दुर्लभ

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – બહુ દુર્લભ

7. Let the cat out of the bag

Literal translation in Hindi – रहस्य उजागर करना

Literal translation in Gujarati – રહસ્ય બહાર પાડવું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – भेद खोल देना

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – રહસ્ય ફાશ કરી દેવું

8. A piece of cake

Literal translation in Hindi – बहुत आसान

Literal translation in Gujarati – બહુ સહેલું

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – बेहद सरल

Equivalent idiom in Gujarati – ખૂબ જ સરળ

9. Don’t cry over spilled milk

Literal translation in Hindi – बर्बाद चीज़ पर रोना है

Literal translation in Gujarati – બગડી ગયેલી વસ્તુ માટે રડવું વ્યર્થ છે

Equivalent idiom in Hindi – जो गया सो गया

Translate the following paragraph

"Post Office." In the grey sky of early dawn stars still glowed, as happy memories light up a life that is nearing its close. An old man was walking through the town, now and again drawing his tattered clothes tighter to shield his body from the cold and biting wind. From some houses came the sound of grinding mills, and the sweet voices of women singing at their work, and the sounds helped him along his lonely way. Except for the occasional bark of a dog, the distant steps of a workman going early to work, or the screech of a bird disturbed before its time, the whole town was wrapped in deathly silence. Most of its inhabitants were still in the arms of sleep, the sleep which grew more and more profound on account of the intense winter cold; for the cold used sleep to extend its sway over all things even as a false friend lulls his chosen victim with caressing smiles. The old man, shivering at times but fixed on purpose, plodded on till he came out of the town-gate onto a straight road. Along this he now went at a somewhat slower pace, supporting himself on his old staff. “

Post Office." (ગુજરાતીમાં અર્થાનુવાદ)

સવારના ધુમ્મસાળ આકાશમાં હજી તારા ચમકી રહ્યા હતા, જેમ કે મીઠી યાદો જીવનના અંત સમયે પ્રકાશ ફેલાવે છે. એક વૃદ્ધ માણસ શહેરમાંથી પસાર થઈ રહ્યો હતો. તે ક્યારેક તેની ફાટેલી ચાદર વધુ કસીને ઓઢતો, જેથી કડક ઠંડી અને કટકટતી પવનથી પોતાને બચાવી શકે. ક્યાંક ક્યાંક ઘરોમાંથી જાંબુડિયા ચક્કીઓના ઘસારા અને સ્ત્રીઓના કામ કરતી વખતે ગાતા મીઠા સ્વરો સંભળાતા, જે અવાજો તેને તેના એકાંતના માર્ગમાં સહારો આપતા.

ક્યારેક માત્ર કૂતરાના ભસવાનો અવાજ, કોઈ મજૂર વહેલી સવારે કામ પર જતા પગલાં, અથવા કોઈ પક્ષી સમય પહેલાં ચીસ પાડે તે સિવાય આખું શહેર મૌન લાગતું. મોટા ભાગના લોકો હજી ઊંઘની ગોડમાં હતા, એ ઊંઘ જે ઠંડી વધવાથી વધારે ઊંડી થતી જાય. કડક ઠંડી ઊંઘને બધે પ્રસરી દેતી, જાણે ખોટો મિત્ર મીઠી સ્મિત સાથે શિકારને ફસાવે તેમ.

વૃદ્ધ માણસ ક્યારેક થરથર કાંપતો, પરંતુ મનમાં નિશ્ચયથી આગળ વધતો રહ્યો. તે ધીમે ધીમે ચાલતો શહેરના દરવાજા સુધી પહોંચ્યો અને સીધી રસ્તે આવ્યો. અહીંથી તેણે થોડું ધીમું પગલું લીધું અને પોતાના જુના લાકડીના ટેકે આગળ વધ્યો.

Three Neighbours

The seth and Ram are waking; the whole world’s calling; The burdens of the earth with the saviour’s birth are falling. Sounds of the morning, Birds twittering in the morning, Drown out Makor’s hungry howl. Ram is in his forest dwelling; the seth in his palace home. Temple gongs and trumpet sounds of revelry are blown. Makor faints to her death. The millstone sings of death. A lone black crow laments her gone

ત્રણ પડોશી (Three Neighbours)

સેથ અને રામ જાગી રહ્યા છે; આખી દુનિયા બોલાવી રહી છે.

ત્રાણકર્તાના જન્મ સાથે, ધરતીના દુઃખ-ભાર ઉતરી રહ્યા છે.

સવારના અવાજો,

પંખીઓના ચહકારા,

માકોરના ભૂખ્યા રોદનને દબાવી દે છે.

રામ પોતાના જંગલવાસમાં છે; સેથ પોતાના મહેલમાં છે.

મંદિરનાં ઘંટ અને નગારા આનંદના નાદ ગુંજાવે છે.

માકોર તો ભૂખથી બેભાન થઈને મૃત્યુ પામે છે.

જાંબુડિયાની ચક્કી મૃત્યુનો ગીત ગાય છે.

એકલો કાળો કાગડો તેની વિદાય પર શોક કરે છે.

The Heart Seeks

The heart seeks again, those nights and days Sitting for long, with my imaginings at play In summer night's easterlies Staying awake in white sheets Star-gazing in the terrace, stretched on our feet

“હૃદય શોધે છે” (The Heart Seeks)

હૃદય ફરી શોધે છે, એ રાતો અને એ દિવસો,

જ્યાં હું લાંબા સમય સુધી બેસી રહેતો, કલ્પનાઓ સાથે રમતો.

ઉનાળાની રાતની પૂર્વ પવનોમાં...

સફેદ ચાદરોમાં જાગતા રહેવું,

છત પર તારાઓ નિહાળતા,

અપણા પગ લંબાવીને પથરાઈને પડ્યા હોવું.

“Kabuliwala” Mini’s mother is naturally a timid person. Whenever she hears a slight noise from the street, she thinks all the tipplers of the world are rushing together towards our house. After living for so many years in this world (though not many), she has still not been able to temper her fear that the world is full of all kinds of horrors: thieves, robbers, drunkards, snakes, tigers, malaria, cockroaches and European soldiers.

“કાબુલિવાલા” (ગુજરાતીમાં અનુવાદ)

મિનીની માતા સ્વભાવથી જ ભીતરણી (ભીંસાણ) સ્ત્રી છે.

રસ્તામાંથી થોડો પણ અવાજ આવે તો તેને લાગે કે દુનિયાના બધા દારુડા એકસાથે અમારા ઘરની તરફ દોડી રહ્યા છે.

દુનિયામાં કેટલાય વર્ષ જીવ્યા પછી પણ (જોકે બહુ વર્ષ નથી થયા),

તેના મનનો ડર હજી સુધી ઓછો થયો નથી કે આ દુનિયા બધા પ્રકારના ભયોથી ભરેલી છે:

ચોર, લૂંટારુ, દારુડા, સાપ, વાઘ, મલેરીયા, તિલચટ્ટા અને યુરોપિયન સિપાઈઓ.

Home assignment

History of transportation

Introduction

Translation is as old as human language itself. In the West, the earliest records of translation activities date back to the third millennium BC. Over time, translation has been viewed indifferent ways, as an “art,” a “craft,” or a “science.” For example, in ancient Babylon (around2100 BC), scribes translated official documents into different languages to manage the empire’s diverse population.

Translators have been seen in both positive and negative ways. Some have called them ‘traitors’or ‘predators,’ while others see them as ‘bridges’ or ‘connectors’ between cultures.

History of Translation:

Translation has a long history, going back thousands of years. The earliest known translations occurred as far back as the third millennium BC in places like ancient Babylon, where scribes translated official documents into various languages. In the Roman era, Greek texts were translated into Latin, greatly influencing Roman culture and language. During the Renaissance, translators focused more on the readers and adapted texts creatively. The 17th to 19th centuries saw growing interest in balancing accuracy and readability, with translators like Dryden and Pope shaping modern translation practices. By the 20th century, translation became recognized as an academic field, combining linguistic and literary approaches to better understand the art and science of translation.

1. The Roman Translations:

The Romans were some of the first in the Western world to take up the task of translation. They translated many important Greek works, including those about philosophy, science, history, and religion.

2. The Bible Translation:

The translation of the Bible had a big impact on how languages developed in Europe. It encouraged the use of local languages (called vernaculars) instead of Latin and helped enrich many European languages. The translations were also used to challenge the wrong practices of the church.

3. The Renaissance Translations:

During the Renaissance, a movement known for promoting humanism, people began to focus more on individuals and less on the church(God). This shift in thinking also affected how translations were done. Translators started to pay more attention to their audience and the target language rather than sticking closely to the original text.

4. Translations in the Seventeenth Century:

The Renaissance continued to influence Europe until the mid-seventeenth century. This time was known for a spirit of discovery and curiosity about new ideas. Translators helped bring in new knowledge from different cultures.

1.Metaphrase – Translating word for word and line by line.

2.Imitation – A very free translation where the translator takes creative liberties.

3.Paraphrase – A middle-ground approach where the translator captures the sense or meaning

5.Translations in the 18th Century:

In the 18th century, translators followed the methods set by Dryden and Pope. Dr. Samuel Johnson, in his ‘Life of Pope’ (1779-80), argued that translators should be understood in the context of their own time and culture. Tytler outlined

three key principles:

(a) the translation must retain the complete idea of the original work,

(b) the style and manner of writing should be of the same type as the original and

Tyler did not recommend Dryden’s concept of ‘Paraphrase’ for even this, according to him, led to lose translations.

6. Translations in the Romantic Age:

The translators of the Romantic Age in the early nineteenth century were able to give the art of translation a new turn. They rejected the rationalism of the 17th century Restoration Age. They rather emphasized the crucial role of imagination. Coleridge in his BiographiaLiteraria had distinguished between ‘Fancy’ and ‘Imagination’. He considered ‘Imagination' to be the course of creativity.

7. Translations in the Victorian Age:

The Victorians, who came after the Romantics, were also interested in capturing the spirit of the original text, but they added their own touch by using archaic language, which gave their

translations a sense of being from a distant time or place. Matthew Arnold had delivered a series of lectures entitled ‘On Translating Homer’ (1862). For him, the true judge of the translated texts are the scholars and it is only they who can judge whether a translation has more or less the

same effect as the original.

8. Translations in the 20th Century:

The 20th century brought a shift in translation theory with the rise of linguistic theories. These new ideas, such as American structuralism and Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar,

influenced translation practices. There was a growing recognition that language and literature are deeply rooted in culture, and translations should reflect the cultural context of the target audience. By the mid-20th century, translators started moving away from strict literal translations

and free translations.

9. Modern Translation:

In today's globalized world, translation has become more essential than ever. With the rapid exchange of information across countries and cultures, translation serves as a bridge that connects people speaking different languages. Modern translation goes beyond literary and religious texts; it now encompasses technical documents, scientific research, business communication, legal texts, entertainment, and digital content.

Summing up:

Translation has played an important role in the development of language and culture throughout history. For example, Roman translations enriched both their language and culture. Bible translations helped spread religious ideas to more people. During the Restoration period, translating French drama into English helped improve English literary style. In 18th century England, translations brought spiritual ideas from other cultures, like transcendentalism, to new audiences.

Essay

Translation Studies and Digitalization: Why Humans are Needed for Translation

1. Introduction

Translation is one of the oldest human activities, essential for communication between cultures and communities. Over time, Translation Studies has developed as an academic discipline that not only examines how translation is done, but also studies its history, theory, and cultural significance.

In the 21st century, the rise of digitalization has completely changed the way translation is practiced. With the help of machine translation (MT), artificial intelligence (AI), and computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, translation has become faster, more accessible, and widely used across the globe.

However, while technology has provided speed and efficiency, it has also raised important questions about quality, cultural meaning, and human involvement. This assignment explores the impact of digitalization on Translation Studies and explains why humans are still essential in the process of translation.

2. Translation Studies in the Digital Era

Translation Studies traditionally focused on the comparison of source and target texts, the role of the translator, and the theories behind language transfer. Today, the field is strongly influenced by digitalization, which has brought several changes:

1. Machine Translation (MT): Tools like Google Translate, Bing Translator, and DeepL allow instant translation of large texts.

2. CAT Tools: Professional translators use software like SDL Trados and MemoQ, which provide translation memory, terminology databases, and editing assistance.

3. Digital Platforms: Social media, e-commerce, and international business all depend on real-time translation to reach global audiences.

4. Localization: Digitalization requires not only translation but also localization, which adapts content to cultural and regional needs (e.g., apps, websites, video games).

Digitalization has therefore expanded the role of translators, making them not just language experts but also technology users, cultural mediators, and editors of machine-generated texts.

3. Advantages of Digitalization in Translation

Digitalization provides many benefits:

Speed and Efficiency: Machines can translate thousands of words in seconds.

Cost Reduction: Free and low-cost tools make translation affordable.

Global Communication: Barriers between languages are reduced in education, business, and social interaction.

Consistency: CAT tools ensure uniform use of terminology across large projects.

Accessibility: Anyone with internet access can now translate, even without professional training.

These advantages show why digitalization is a powerful aid in Translation Studies.

4. Limitations of Digital Translation

Despite its benefits, digital translation has serious limitations:

Lack of Context: Machines often translate word-for-word without understanding meaning.

Cultural Insensitivity: Idioms, humor, and metaphors are mistranslated.

Errors in Specialized Fields: In law, medicine, and technical subjects, even small mistakes can have dangerous results.

Over-Reliance on Machines: Users may accept incorrect translations without checking accuracy.

These issues highlight the continued importance of human translators.

5. Why Humans are Needed for Translation

Even in the digital age, humans remain central to translation for several reasons:

(a) Cultural Understanding

Language is not just words—it reflects culture, traditions, and emotions. Machines cannot interpret proverbs, sarcasm, or double meanings effectively.

Example: The Gujarati proverb “ઊંટના મોં માં જીરું” literally means “a cumin seed in a camel’s mouth,” but the real meaning is “too little for too much.” Only a human translator can capture this sense.

(b) Creativity and Literature

Poetry, novels, films, and advertisements require creativity, style, and emotional impact. Machines cannot create metaphors or capture beauty in literature.

Legal, medical, and technical documents require absolute precision. A mistranslation of one term can cause financial or health risks. Humans provide careful and responsible translation.

(d) Ethical Judgment

Some texts are sensitive (religious, political, social). A human translator can decide the best way to translate them without offending cultural values.

(e) Post-Editing and Quality Control

Even when machine translation is used, professional human translators are required to post-edit the text, correct mistakes, and ensure natural flow.

6. The Future: Human-Machine Collaboration

The future of translation is not about machines replacing humans but about collaboration:

Machines will handle speed, volume, and repetitive tasks.

Humans will provide creativity, cultural sensitivity, and quality control.

Translation will increasingly involve localization, transcreation, and editing, where human skills remain central.

This shows that digitalization is a tool, not a replacement for human translators.

7. Conclusion

Translation Studies has been transformed by digitalization, offering faster, cheaper, and more efficient tools. However, translation is not only a technical process but also a cultural and human activity. Machines can assist, but they cannot fully replace the sensitivity, creativity, and responsibility of human translators.

Thus, the future of translation lies in human-machine cooperation, where digital tools increase efficiency and humans ensure accuracy, beauty, and cultural understanding.

Friday, September 12, 2025

Major - 6 assignment